Switzerland Essays - Cantons Of Switzerland, Central Europe

Switzerland Switzerland is located in central Europe. Switzerland is also known as ?Confoederatio Helvetica?, therefore the abbreviation of CH. ?Confiederatio? stands for ?confereration?, ?Helvetica? derives for the Latin word ?Helvetier?, the name of the people who lived in the area which later became Switzerland. The capital of Switzerland is Bern, which was founded in 1191. Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers and Switzerland did not participate in either World War I or II. Switzerland consists of 23 Cantons, or states, each with their individual legislative, executive and judicial authority. Each canton consists of a number of Bezirke, or districts, and within each district are a number of Gemeinden or municipalities. There are 2929 municipalities in Switzerland. A municipality with more than 10,000 citizens is considered a Stadt, or town, smaller municipalities are called Dorf, or village. However, some smaller villages have the status of a town for historical reasons. About two thirds of the area of Switzerland is covered with forests, lakes and mountains. Switzerland, in area, is sightly less than twice the size of New Jersey. Completely landlocked, Switzerland is bordered by France to it's east, Germany to it's north, Austria to it's west and finally Italy to the south. Since Switzerland has no mineral resources, it must import, process and resell them as products. Services are the most important part of the economy, which includes banking, assurances and tourism. Farming is also an important part of the economy. But the production of the Swiss farmers does not fulfill the needs of all the people, so Switzerland must rely on imported goods from other countries. The Swiss economy is divided into three sectors: agriculture, industry and services. Less the 10% of the population is employed in agriculture. This sector is strongly supported by the government. About 40% of the population are employed in industry. This sector includes machine and metal industry, watch industry and textile industry. All of them export much of the products to foreign countries and suffer a lot because of the expensive Swiss Franc. Finally, the service sector employees more than 50% of the population. Included in this sector are banking, assurances and tourism. Banking is one of the most important businesses in Switzerland. The population of Switzerland is about 7,275,467. Even though Switzerland is a small county, it's people speak no less than four different languages. Of the total population 65% speak German, 18% speak French, 12% speak Italian, 1% Romansch, and 4% other. The German speaking Swill don't speak the same German as the Germans or the Austrians do, but it is known as a Swiss-German. To make things even worse, each canton has its own dialect, but there is no written Swiss-German at all. Fortunately, the Germans, Austrians and the Swiss-Germans use the same written German language which in turn is close to the so called ?high German? language. Switzerland's government is a federal republic. The executive branch consists of the president, who is both the chief of state and the head of the government, and the vice president. Both the president and vice president are elected by the Federal Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year terms that run concurrently. The legislative branch consists of 200 representatives, know as the Federal Assembly, and members are elected by popular vote on a basis of proportional representation to serve four-years terms. The judicial branch is the Federal Supreme Court and the judges are elected for six-year terms by the Federal Assembly European History

Liberal Studies Writing Task- School drug testing in Hong Kong

Liberal Studies Writing Task- School drug testing in Hong Kong Free Online Research Papers Liberal Studies Writing Task- School drug testing ‘Public opinion concerning the implementation of the school drug testing scheme was ignored by the HKSAR Government.’ To what extent do you agree with the statement? Explain your answer with the aid of three examples. With less than a month to go before the commencement of the Trial Scheme on School Drug Testing in Tai Po, important issues concerning implementation of the program such as invasion of privacy still remain unresolved. Despite this and the objection of some citizens, the government still decides to go ahead with the scheme. In this way, the public opinion was thought to be ignored by the government. However, someone thinks that the government has already made some amendments in response to the public. To be frank, I partly agree with the statement of the question. First of all, the government has been lessening the legal force of constraint in order to reduce the resistance of implementing the scheme. The government has promised that the police will not involved and the students who are tested positive will not be charged. In addition, the letter of consent has to be signed by both the student and his parent. Furthermore, the students can feel free to withdraw from the scheme. All these are the amendments made by the government in response to the demand of public. Therefore, the government can be considered to have deliberated the public opinions. Next, a hundred of students joined the demonstration to show their discontentment with the scheme. When they arrived the government headquarter, the security guards refused to open the gate to let them in and submit the petition. In this case, I think that the government officials should at least have accepted the petition to show their concern. Otherwise, the government would be thought to have ignored the public opinion. Thirdly, more than fifty briefing sessions of the drug testing scheme have been held in the Tai Po schools. The government said that what they had gained was positive feedback where negative feedback only took up a small part. During those sessions, the students and parents were free to express their opinions and interact with the government officials directly. Thus, the government officials can listen to the public opinion and make the scheme as ideal as possible. To sum up, I partly agree with the statement because of the amendments made to the scheme, the demonstration and the briefing sessions. After all, I do hope the number of drug abusers in Hong Kong will reduce gradually. Research Papers on Liberal Studies Writing Task- School drug testing in Hong KongStandardized TestingMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Chemically prepared or sensitized material

Chemically prepared or sensitized material INTRODUCTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY Photography is defined as the science and art of producing an exact impression of an object on chemically prepared or sensitized material by using light. It depends on the sensitiveness of silver compound to light. The photographs are usually taken by means of a photographic camera. Camera is an instrument consisting of a light-tight box with a place for the light sensitive film at one end and covering lens or a combination of lenses by which a real, inverted and diminished image can be obtained on the other hand. This instrument called camera is so devised that lens may be moved forward and backward by screw arrangement, with a view to getting a distinct and clear image of an object, placed before the lens, on the film. While it is easy to make comparisons between the pupil of the eye and the f-stop of a camera or between the retina of the eye and photographic film .Once we get past the basic similarities of the optics of the two systems comparisons begi n to rapidly break down. The eye is not only much more complex than a camera and its film but the two imaging devices function by different chemical mechanisms. The photographer the automatic exposure system of the camera regulates the f-stop opening and time of exposure of her camera to match the sensitivity of film while the iris and retina sensitivity of the eye adjust to correspond to the light level of the scene. This first installment on the chemistry of photography is intended to introduce in a simplified way the basic concepts of silver halide photography. It will not delve into the physics of optics the functioning of cameras and lenses, photographic techniques, non-silver processes, or the artistic aspects of photography. Photography encompasses many things – there is a science to photography, but as a means of expression, it is ultimately an art form. There are many techniques and forms of photography which fill many books in the library and many pages on the Inter net. Beyond this point, the actual taking of pictures, style, and good composition will not be mentioned again. Chemistry is an even larger subject area, encompassing all areas of life and invisible details that are often mind boggling. To couple photography and chemistry is narrower than either subject on its own, but still includes a lot of material. These pages will look at some basics, presenting only a small fraction of the information relevant to the chemistry of photography. Photography encompasses many things – there is a science to photography, but as a means of expression, it is ultimately an art form. There are many techniques and forms of photography which fill many books in the library and many pages on the Internet. Beyond this point, the actual taking of pictures, style, and good composition will not be mentioned again. Chemistry is an even larger subject area, encompassing all areas of life and invisible details that are often mind boggling. To couple photogra phy and chemistry is narrower than either subject on its own, but still includes a lot of material. These pages will look at some basics, presenting only a small fraction of the information relevant to the chemistry of photography.

Systems Analysis & Design Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Systems Analysis & Design Assignment - Essay Example Moreover, this report will also outline business needs, new technology specifications, potential transformations, feasibility study, system requirements and design (UML). This project engages the development of e-commerce system for Greener E-Bikes and is named as Greener Web. This project will demonstrate the Greener’s new web based business platform that will offer ecommerce capabilities to the business. The present business of the Greener E-Bikes is running through shops and supermarkets. Greener E-Bikes has been working through the traditional business practice that only offers restricted business practice to a specific business market. However, the new business idea is to enhance the business practice by implementing the web based practice. In this scenario the business has decided to implement a completely new business model that would be able to potentially enhance the traditional business practice. In this way the new business will offer facility to have an online transaction that can be done through web based money transfer. In this way business is expecting to increase the business sales growth approximately to 30%. Currently, the business has a simple web based information system. Additionally, the present information system offers simply business information regarding the business that is enough to manage the overall business. In this scenario the web based platform will be upgraded to the ecommerce system. The main business needs and requirement are given below: By implementing web based business platform the business of Greener E-Bikes will be able to gain a lot of tangible advantages. The main advantage that business will attain is about establishing the better data communication and enhanced business data sharing. In this way the business will be able to effectively manage the operations. In addition, this swill offer them better and secure operating environment for business sales. This platform will also offer rapid user response and

Argumentative Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentative Paper - Essay Example On the contrary, other arguments related to the existence of God suggested, that the belief on the existence of God depends on the knowledge that individual has over the subject. In order for the argument on the existence of God to be convincing, philosophers have had to contend with whether it is vital to provide evidence on this subject, which makes it a harder task. The theological argument presented by theists and apologists is the most convincing argument in relation to the existence of God. The need to have proof for the existence of God Ideally, skeptics are unavoidable aspect of living in which proof is a necessity in sustaining various subjects including those of religion. The application is similar in which many individuals seek evidence that substantiates that God exists by tearing into every aspect of God in order to create loopholes for the same. In essence, there exists a number of arguments that have been successful in convincing members of society that God is real. Ad ditionally, the Holy Bible and other holy books provide proof of a higher being than that of man. According to philosophers, there are many arguments that support or disagree with the ideology of theology but the most convincing ones have attracted immense following. ... According to Spiegel (2010), apologists have been successful in making their argument logical but scientist dispute this by having various theories that seek to explain how the creation came into being. The most common theory is that of evolution in which it only explains how man has evolved to what he is today. However, the most disputing aspect within the argument based on evolution is that it does not give elaborate explanations on the existence of plants and other objects that have life. The implication here is that the theological argument presented by apologists is the most convincing argument in relation to the existence of God. The conflict between science and religion in relation to the existence of God As many sympathizers would argue, the interaction and relationship between religion and scientific assumptions is that it is a confusing and unclear making it a vague subject. Ideally, many view the theories presented by religion to be contrary to the thinking of scientists b ecause they argue that it lacks logic and substance. In essence, the religious aspect in this argument bases its belief on belief and faith over the unseen while science opts to argue according to facts and visible objects (Radcliffe, 2012). This makes it harder for those in favor of religion as their choice of supporting that God does exist to proof that God exists without having proof of walking this earth. Additionally, scientists puncture into the idea that a supreme being such as God exists because the origin of this being is also a subject of dispute because there is no recorded proof of how God came into being. Evidently, their claim is that in over for things to exist they had to either evolve or be born of another

Women of Sparta and Athens Essay Example for Free

Women of Sparta and Athens Essay The role of women in Ancient Greece all depended on the city where one lived. In Sparta, women were more valued and respected by men, so the men were willing to give them more rights and opportunities to make their own decisions. In Athens, men had a more traditional view on women and believed that they shouldn’t belong in society; so therefore, men primarily monitored the women actions. Sparta lies in the Peloponnesus, in the south. The Spartans set up a brutal and strict system of control. Assemblies made up by male citizens approved the major decisions in Sparta. Since the men of Sparta valued how women looked, beautiful and attractive women were granted more opportunities which eventually led to having more rights. Attraction was what Spartan people cared about most. In order to assess the women’s beauty, men would inspect the women while they were completely nude. Women had mirrors all over, so they were constantly looking at themselves and fixing themselves. They obsessed over their looks and appearances. Once a man was pleased with the woman, he would take her and marry her. Men also prized beautiful women and sought them as brides, even breaking some of society’s rules to win them. †. The people with the best looks were the most respected and noticed by people. â€Å"In Sparta beautiful people were highly self-esteemed: the best-looking man and women were most admired†. Women who weren’t beautiful didn’t get chosen by the men to wed, and therefore lived with their father and barely had any rights and freedom at all. The men only marry the beautiful women and once you are married you are given much more freedom and rights to live by. The men of Athens believed that the women had a specific role in society. While the men were off making decisions, they expected the women to be at home taking care of the children, household, and monitoring the slaves. â€Å"Courtesans we keep for pleasure, concubines for daily attendance upon our person, but wives for the procreation of legitimate children and to be our faithful housekeepers, that is all. † (Nardo, 57). The men used poor and lower class women for their own pleasure, and they used their wives to take care of the children and to be their personal housekeepers. The way the men talk about their wives is like they are referring to them as their salves, they don’t give them any respect at all. Beauty wasn’t valued in Athens, it was much more important to be at home and keep it clean while caring for the children and slaves. The women covered their body and were usually by themselves. If they were to ever go out, they had to be accompanied by an escort. The Athenian women weren’t granted many rights because the men just didn’t believe that they should be given rights. They thought it was much more important for the women to be at home watching over the kids, and slaves while keeping the house tidy. So therefore, the Athenian men didn’t prioritize womens rights because they strongly believed that their place was at home. â€Å"The process that we go by today, a young women meeting an eligible young man, falling in love, and deciding to get married-was largely unheard of in Athenian society†. The way the Athenian marriage process took place was the bride got married off to the husband by her father. The bride was legally incapable of arranging her own marriage. The purpose of marriage was not for love, rather babies, money, land or what ever the husband and the father of the bride agree on. It wasn’t unusual for marriage to take place with man and women not knowing much about each other. The women would mostly get married off for the first time between ages 14 and 18. It didn’t matter if the brides were responsible or not, the men would make all the important decisions about the household. â€Å"For a women must love her husband even when she has been married to an insignificant man and not provoke a contest of pride† (Lefkowit, 2005). Even if a woman is unhappy in her marriage arrangement there is nothing she can do to change it, she cannot leave, or rebel. In Athens, marriage wasn’t highly valued; the marriages were based solely on the bride’s father and husband’s decisions and deals. The Athenian women did not have any say or opinion on who or when they marry. The husband and father made deals and controlled their marriages completely, while the women were pushed aside with no voice. In Sparta, the man chose a woman who was cross in age who he wished to marry. The marriage remains a secret, and they live apart, until the bride gets pregnant and they can move in together. The brides had to be a responsible and capable bride, because they managed most of the household and children. The women in Sparta â€Å"largely took precedence over men in that sphere†. The Spartan men had to choose their bride wisely, and had to make sure that they were fit to the job of running the household, and making important decisions. In Athens, the men considered themselves the leaders, and they felt that the only role of a women was to stay at home and watch over it, have babies, and keep the population growing and healthy. The men were the leaders, the women lived in fear of the men. They were not allowed to own land under any circumstances. They were not allowed to appear in court. They were not allowed to arrange their own marriage, and they were not allowed to go out of the house by themselves, only accompanied by their father or husband. The men created strict laws that separated them from the women, and told the women exactly what to do, and how to act. The women were considered only citizens and nothing else; they played roles in religious festivals, but they had absolutely no real decisions in law or society. In Athens, the men were the leaders, and believed that the women were only good for the little side things, like watching over the household, getting pregnant, and keeping the population growing, they did not believe that they were capable for anything else important which is why they were given no real rights. The men of Athens were considered â€Å"like god† and had insane muscle and strength; the women were looked at â€Å"imperfect beings† and got pushed aside by the men with no roles to protect them. In Sparta, the women had active roles in the community and specific institutions. In Sparta, unlike in Athens, it was very important to be fit and strong; they cared a lot about military training, war and fighting. The women engaged in many physical training similar to the train that the men went through, but not as intense. If they were ever needed, the women were capable of stepping in and fighting. The women of Sparta were very outspoken and were not as afraid to stand up to the men, because they were not treated as differently. Women were allowed to own land, even if she had brothers, a women can share the inheritance of her father, if she had no brothers, she can inherit all the land. The women were fit, smart, and confident about themselves, therefore more capable of taking on role in society. The Athenian men passed a law that strictly controlled women’s social and sexual behavior and limited what the are able to own, and inherit. They had limits on the number of women who could participate in funerals, the women were not allowed to pay tribute to the family of passing (shiva call), and when this was allowed on special circumstances, there was a limit of no more than 5 woman; they made a rule that the women were not allowed to leave the tomb before the men at a funeral. imited the amount of women allowed in church, and religious festivals. The purpose of the men strictly restricting the womans rights and limiting exactly what they are and are not allowed to do, was to force them to be at home, producing more child to keep the population flowing, and to watch over the land within the family.

Changing Roles of Men and Women :: Womens Studies

Changing Roles of Men and Women Women’s lives have changed dramatically, for the last half-twentieth century as Paula England said. One significant change has been an increase of women in the labor force. In 1950 only 30 percent of women were in the labor force. By 1994, the number of women in the labor force had reached 58 percent. Most women were married with young children. Women worked in the same jobs as men did. However, they got less pay and fewer opportunities. At that time, women did more work than men in the housework, which was unequal. On the other hand, as I heard in the Morning Edition by David Molpus, today’s generation is trying to change inequity. There is a young married couple, who both have full time jobs, and children. They think 50-50 is a good idea, because it will allow men the opportunity to spend more time with their children. Also, there is another married couple who believe the same as the others. They are against day care because they think day care is not safe for children. These men share with their wives everything they experience . In my opinion, men and women should have equity for career work and inside the home. I believe if women have the same jobs men do, they should get the same pay and opportunity as men. For instance, women have the same pressure, responsibility, and accountability. According to Paula England table on p-41. The job evaluation points shows that female registered nurses have a higher point value in comparison to male chemists. So I don’t see the reason women should get less pay and equity. Men should help their wives with the housework. It is not fair to expect women to work harder than men, because they are human beings too. Men should feel the same responsibility women feel. Today is not the time women should stay at home to raise children. We are in a new generation which times has changed.

To what extent are your chosen texts typical of their genre

There are many elements that are conventional In all advertising campaigns, for example using a well known celebrity wearing a dress makes people want to go out and buy that dress, for the simple reason that people want to feel like the celebrity. Although key elements can be used In both audio-visual and printed ads these depend on what target audience the producer is aiming the product at. ‘Advertising, a form of commercial mass communication designed to promote the sale of a product or service', this statement clearly explains the reasons for advertising and how it is aimed to attract people to purchase a product. Arrive. For example an audio-visual campaign will include music, voice-over to anchor the images and short-narrative and superimposition if the product, in the printed campaigns we have distant dominant images, enigmatic backgrounds, slogans, brand names with the product often larger than it proportionally should be. In this essay I am going to analyses to what ext ent my three analyses campaigns ‘Channel NON' ‘Inverse' ‘D' are typical of their genre. To begin I will start by analyzing Channel NON'.This advertisement uses many genre conventions both conventional and Non- conventional. This advertisement contains a well known celebrity who Is very attractive who would appeal to both male and female audience, as women are going to want to be her and by her advertising that she wears this perfume they will go out and buy this to get a taste of her life. And men who find her attractive may go out and by their girlfriends/wives this perfume because they want to have a sense of this celebrity in their life.The theme of romance is set throughout the advertisement which in reinforced by the music in the background, this a common element used to portray a particular theme within an audio-visual advertisement. The short narrative in this advertisement is particularly attractive to an audience to watch as It Is a romantic, and given off a loving theme which most women's perfumes seem to use to sale a product, this loving narrative Is again reinforced by he musical background by Claim De Lune a French romantic classic. The branding name Is constantly shown throughout this ad also, egg. T the end the product logo Is shown as a form of necklace which reminds audience of the product being promoted through this ad. This ad has many Non-conventional elements, for example the length of this is advert s unusual and not very common when it comes to advertising. Although because of the 3 act narrative throughout the ad it keeps audience intrigued and they want to continue watching where as if they had of stuck to a one narrative theme audience would find it boring and end up turning the ad off before the ending.Also at the end of this ad there is Credits. This is not something ads typically have and is very unusual to see, it gives a movie like theme which associates with the actress Nicole Kidnap. The production value of E WE million for this was also not something common hen making an advertisement and Nicole received $3. 71 million which Is extremely much for an ad. Although this advertisement was very successful though out the world and the money that was put into the production paid of as Channel NON is ‘Inverse by kylie'.This is a printed ad and is completely conventional. This product involves and A-list star who gives the illusion through this ad that by wearing this product a person will be attractive to the opposite sex. It gives the idea that you will be able to explore the different facets of maleness, from the business like dominant ale to a vulnerable male who needs to be loved. Two of the campaigns include an image of the product which is much bigger than what it should be, this is a technique used to emphasis how important the product is.Although the 3rd ad does not include the product because the producers of the ad are confidant that this product is well known that people will h ave seen the previous ads are even be aware of what this ad is. Overall this advertisement follows the typical genre except for it portrays a dominant leading women in control where as women are normally dominated by men. My 3rd ad that I analyses was ‘D Fashion'. Conventionally there is a inter- inking narrative structure to the three ads in the campaign-this inter-connectivity is a key convention in most campaigns, tying their messages together, as one reinforces the messages of the other.The are connected through inter-linking characters similarity in backgrounds, similar iconography and a developing story that is acted out in three scenes. The dress codes vary from ad to ad as D&G put a verity of their own new line into the ad to advertise it. Conventionally this ad uses models who re associated with perfection. Attractive females/males are is typically used when advertising a product as it tends to attract more people to look at it.The technical codes used in the ad are c ommon when advertising a product, for example long shots are used to show a model wearing a dress so that it is obvious and clear to the audience to what is being advertised. There seems to be a dominating color code of Blue through out these 3 ads, the color blue is typical associated with winter which D&G is advertising their winter range of clothing. Unconventionally there is indirect ode of address which is unusual in a printed campaign.This ad also lacks slogans and specific product placement, like ‘Kylie Inverse ad' part 3, D&G are confident that their product is well known enough so that they do not have to place slogans and specific product all over. Gender roles again are switched round In this ad, women are dominating the men, controlling them taking over the entire add, the women rule in an extreme sexual game. Although this is very unconventionally in ads, D&G have made this conventional when it comes to their ad and people are aware of this.

Leadership and Management Essay

Everyone manages. We manage our finances, time, careers, and relationships. We tend not to think of these activities as â€Å"managing† or of ourselves as being â€Å"managers.† Nevertheless, they are. These examples of managing or being managers are relatively simple and straightforward, even though we may find many of them fraught with difficulty. It is when the concepts of managing or being a manager are applied to organizations that complexity increases—almost always exponentially. At this point it becomes necessary to study and understand the theoretical bases of management. The practice of management and the classical enunciation of management principles can be traced to the 19th century. The development of management as an academic discipline based on a body of knowledge that can be taught is a recent development and is generally attributed to the work of Peter F. Drucker in the latter half of the 20th century. That body of knowledge is taught in graduate schools of business and in programs that prepare managers of public health departments, programs, and health services organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities. This chapter provides a basic introduction to management theory and problem solving, and concludes with a brief discussion of negotiation and alternative dispute resolution. Managers are persons who are formally appointed to positions of authority in organizations. They enable others to do their work and are accountable to a higher authority for work results. Primarily, the differences between levels of managers are the degree of authority and the scope of their accountability for work results. Line managers manage people and things; staff managers, such as the human resources department and the fiscal office, support the work of line managers. Management Functions and Decision Making The five management functions of planning, organizing, controlling, directing, and staffing are brought to life and connected by decision making, which is itself a subset of the essential process for managers that is known as problem solving. Little that managers at all levels in an organization do falls outside the purview of the five management functions. Management theorists and practitioners may choose one or two of the five functions as most important, but this is not borne out normatively. When one considers the full range of what managers do (or should do) as they perform their work, concentrating on a few to the exclusion or diminution of the others will invariably cause problems for the organization. Decision making is an inherent activity of managers, and they make decisions within and among the five management functions. Decision making is part of the process of problem solving, which also includes problem analysis. Performance of the management functions and the decision making of problem solving should be evaluated using explicit and measurable criteria. In addition to engaging in the five management functions, managers must utilize specific skills, play various roles, and evidence a number of competencies. Managing and Leading Some theorists and academicians distinguish managers and leaders, based on the view that managing is more caretaking and maintaining status quo (transactional) whereas leading is more visionary and dynamic (transformational). That distinction may be more important pedagogically than in practical application, however, especially at the organization’s operating level. Senior managers must ensure effective current organizational activities and that an organization’s future is envisioned. Using this vision, the organization can be transformed as needed. As they work to achieve organizational objectives, managers use technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills. These skills are applied in various proportions, depending on the manager’s task and level in the organizational hierarchy. Usually, senior managers make greater use of conceptual skills, whereas middle- and entry level managers use a more even mix of the three. The research of Henry Mintzberg found that managers have different roles, the general categories of which include interpersonal, informational, and decisional. Each may be segmented. For example, the interpersonal role includes figurehead and influencer, informational includes monitor and spokesperson, and the decisional role includes entrepreneur and negotiator. Successful managers integrate these various roles and are likely to engage in them without making a clear distinction. Another way to understand managers’ work is to identify their competencies, some of which are found in the categorizations discussed earlier. Conceptual, technical managerial/clinical, interpersonal/collaborative, political, commercial, and governance competencies are used in different proportions by managers at various levels of the organization. Most theories view leadership as grounded in one or more of the following three perspectives: leadership as a process or relationship, leadership as a combination of traits or personality characteristics, or leadership as certain behaviors or, as they are more commonly referred to, leadership skills. In virtually all of the more dominant theories there exist the notions that, at least to some degree, leadership is a process that involves influence with a group of people toward the realization of goals. I will say on the front end that, in my opinion, leadership is a dynamic and complex process, and that much of what is written these days tends to over-simplify this process. My goal here is to provide an overview that keeps things simple, without crossing into over-simplification, and for the most part refraining from any critiquing of the various theories. I will leave that to my fellow bloggers for now. Trait Theory This theory postulates that people are either born or not born with the qualities that predispose them to success in leadership roles. That is, that certain inherited qualities, such as personality and cognitive ability, are what underlie effective leadership. There have been hundreds of studies to determine the most important leadership traits, and while there is always going to be some disagreement, intelligence, sociability, and drive (aka determination) are consistently cited as key qualities. Skills Theory This theory states that learned knowledge and acquired skills/abilities are significant factors in the practice of effective leadership. Skills theory by no means disavows the connection between inherited traits and the capacity to be an effective leader – it simply argues that learned skills, a developed style, and acquired knowledge, are the real keys to leadership performance. It is of course the belief that skills theory is true that warrants all the effort and resources devoted to leadership training and development Situational Theory This theory suggests that different situations require different styles of leadership. That is, to be effective in leadership requires the ability to adapt or adjust one’s style to the circumstances of the situation. The primary factors that determine how to adapt are an assessment of the competence and commitment of a leader’s followers. The assessment of these factors determines if a leader should use a more directive or supportive style. Contingency Theory This theory states that a leader’s effectiveness is contingent on how well the leader’s style matches a specific setting or situation. And how, you may ask, is this different from situational theory? In situational the focus is on adapting to the situation, whereas contingency states that effective leadership depends on the degree of fit between a leader’s qualities and style and that of a specific situation or context. Path-Goal Theory This theory is about how leaders motivate followers to accomplish identified objectives. It postulates that effective leaders have the ability to improve the motivation of followers by clarifying the paths and removing obstacles to high performance and desired objectives. The underlying beliefs of path-goal theory (grounded in expectancy theory) are that people will be more focused and motivated if they believe they are capable of high performance, believe their effort will result in desired outcomes, and believe their work is worthwhile. Transformational Theory This theory states that leadership is the process by which a person engages with others and is able to create a connection that results in increased motivation and morality in both followers and leaders. It is often likened to the theory of charismatic leadership that espouses that leaders with certain qualities, such as confidence, extroversion, and clearly stated values, are best able to motivate followers. The key in transformational leadership is for the leader to be attentive to the needs and motives of followers in an attempt to help them reach their maximum potential. In addition, transformational leadership typically describes how leaders can initiate, develop, and implement important changes in an organization. This theory is often discussed in contrast with transactional leadership. Transactional Theory This is a theory that focuses on the exchanges that take place between leaders and followers. It is based in the notion that a leader’s job is to create structures that make it abundantly clear what is expected of his/her followers and also the consequences (i.e. rewards and punishments) for meeting or not meeting these expectations. This theory is often likened to the concept and practice of management and continues to be an extremely common component of many leadership models and organizational structures. Servant Leadership Theory This conceptualization of leadership reflects a philosophy that leaders should be servants first. It suggests that leaders must place the needs of followers, customers, and the community ahead of their own interests in order to be effective. The idea of servant leadership has a significant amount of popularity within leadership circles – but it is difficult to describe it as a theory inasmuch as a set of beliefs and values that leaders are encouraged to embrace.

How to Write a College Term Paper

How to Write a College Term Paper How to Write a College Term Paper tips: Writing a college term paper for a contemporary student is as being locked in the corner of the ring for a professional boxer. Such situation seems to be quite hopeless and not without a reason. In our rapidly developing world filled up with dynamics and innovation the volumes of information grow immensely fast. Students facing the term assignments have to present the knowledge obtained withing an impressive period of time to prove their proficiency in the subject. And the same is for every class. It becomes almost impossible to prepare a perfect term paper for an average college student that would correspond to all of the professors requirements. Besides the structure of a term assignment can well vary from a project survey analysis to a multiple choice test or a broad descriptive essay. However the aim of every term paper is to check the students knowledge based on the program. Hereby the main key to success is to present the term paper through the light of a complex conglomerate knowledge from the study you have taken. It should have a well prepared theoretical part to underpin your awareness of various approaches possible to the subject as well as conclusion strengthened with fine argumentation to show your vision of the problem. Pursuing that way of writing your college term paper will reflect not only your knowledge but also your skill – the ability to bring theoretic information to a practical ground. Under evaluation such assignment will be considered as complete and substantial giving you all the chances to gain professors appreciation. Mind that only serious approach and hard work can lead you to the fronts of academic writing. If these guidelines how to write college term papers havent helped you get term paper assistance online from CustomWritings.com term paper writing service.

Lockerbie Blast Culprit Freed Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lockerbie Blast Culprit Freed - Assignment Example The Scottish government made a unilateral decision to release Megrahi, who was received with immense jubilation and festivity in Libya. Mr. Gaddafi, the Libyan president, received him personally.   John F. Kerry said Merahi’s release â€Å"turned the word ‘compassion’ on its head† (Adam, 2009).A lot of distaste and anger over Mr. Megrahi’s unprecedented release was exhibited across the geographical divide, but great fury was observed in the US, which has regarded as outrageous and disgusting the frenzy with which the bomber convict was received in Libya. In a special report to The Washington Post, Adam reported how the family members of the victims reacted towards this eventuality. A case in point among many is that of Glenn Johnson, the father of Beth Ann, who died on her way home from London where she was studying, said in an interview that he was just devastated as a person who killed 270 people and had no compassion for them, could be given com passion. He termed it as ‘another tragedy’ that families had to suffer. A 57-year-old Libyan Abdel Basset Ali-Megrahi who was convicted for this terrorist attack and sentenced to serve 27 years of a life sentence was released on grounds of compassion that he is dying from prostate cancer.ConclusionThe Scotland government, through her justice secretary MacAskill, subverted justice by releasing Abdel Basset Ali-Magrahi back to Libya and considering that this was a heinous crime, in fact, first class terrorism, the embittered parties has express right to vie an appeal.

In the current global economic climate, countries with strong Essay

In the current global economic climate, countries with strong economics should support countries experiencing financial difficul - Essay Example There are various reasons to cite for the need of external help from the developed economies. First, developed economies have integrated their labour in that they use machinery and technology. In many underdeveloped economies, most sectors use manual labour in production. This is a setback, as the production is not optimised. For example, most of the poor economies use manual labourers in farming and in industries. This requires a large number of people to effectively enhance production. However, with the help of developed economies the poor countries will realise the need for sophisticated mode of operations. For example, the poor countries need to incorporate mechanised farming, which will reduce on both time and cost taken to prepare and produce agricultural goods. In the mean time, they will have optimised their agricultural production, which will improve the economy. Similarly, the developed countries should help poor countries emulate many more modern farming techniques. As suc h, the poor countries will start investing in agricultural inputs including fertilizers and improved breeds as well as seeds. It is noted that agriculture is a strong economic pillar for poor countries. Therefore, this sector will attract immense attention especially when developed countries would want to help. ... Improving the agricultural sector will pave way for massive production. This would be a prudent idea since it will help the developed countries in provision of raw materials for production. This will improve both bilateral and multilateral trade in the world. Apparently, it is realised that many developed countries have many industries that require raw materials. Since these industries need raw materials, improving bilateral and multilateral trade will be a solution to scarcity of raw materials (Wodon 2012:34). In essence, both developed and poor economies will benefit from improvement in agriculture, as there will be a balance of trade. In the modern world, global climate change has been a thorny issue. This is highlighted owing to immense increase in pollution of the environment. Apparently, most of the developed countries are spearheading the need to reduce pollution in the world since it has affected the global climate. However, some of these actions are not reiterated to the poo r countries. In fact, countries experiencing financial difficulties have limited resources in controlling pollution. Bizarrely, pollution in some parts of the world would affect the climate, which later affects the whole world. As such, the strong economies should allocate resources to help reduce pollution in the poor economies. This would help in reducing the effects of pollution. It is noted that strong economies in the world are grumbling for better healthcare, improved income, better working conditions and improved education systems. However, in the countries faced with financial constraints, such are luxuries. For example, in some of these countries, access to healthcare is a problem. People have to travel long distances to access healthcare services. This is